10. Internet of Things Technology.
Internet of Things (IoT) technology is a technique that connects any object to the network through information sensing devices, following agreed protocols, and enables information exchange and communication through information transmission media to achieve various purposes.
IoT technology is applied in numerous fields such as smart homes, intelligent transportation, smart healthcare, smart grids, intelligent logistics, smart agriculture, intelligent security, smart cities, smart vehicles, intelligent buildings, intelligent manufacturing, and intelligent commerce.
The Internet of Things is a network that interconnects all things, creating a vast network by connecting individuals, objects, and devices to the network. IoT technology enables the interconnection of people, objects, and machines anytime, anywhere. It integrates various high-tech innovations and represents an important direction in the development of modern world science and technology.
IoT technology endows all things with the flexibility and intelligence of the digital world, allowing human material civilization to evolve in harmony with the natural ecosystem, ultimately achieving a myth-like future that is all-encompassing, intelligent, digital, and highly adaptable to human intentions and thoughts.
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9. Aerospace Technology.
Aerospace technology is a comprehensive engineering technology for exploring, developing, and utilizing space and celestial bodies beyond Earth.
To explore space, it is necessary to establish a vast aerospace system. The aerospace system consists of spacecraft (satellites, space stations, probes), launch vehicles (rockets, space shuttles, spacecraft), space launch sites, ground telemetry and control networks (ground telemetry and control stations, telemetry and control ships), ground application websites, and ground command and control centers.
Aerospace technology is a highly integrated modern science and technology, integrating the latest achievements of many technologies, and has high economic and social benefits. It has made significant contributions to humanity in areas such as communication broadcasting, environmental monitoring, weather forecasting, and navigation positioning. Militarily, whoever has the advantage in space has the strategic advantage, and the continuous development of aerospace technology will have a revolutionary impact on the military. In scientific research, aerospace technology has promoted the development of many disciplines and greatly driven basic scientific research. Politically, aerospace technology greatly enhances the comprehensive national strength and international status of a country.The development of China's space technology is going well. The Yutu rover successfully landed on the moon and conducted exploration activities. It has successfully carried out multiple manned space launches and has established a unique space station in the world: Tiangong. The number of satellite navigation, on-orbit satellites, and annual space launches are all at the forefront of the world.
Yutu Rover
8. Nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology is the study of the properties and applications of materials with structural sizes ranging from 1 nanometer (1 meter = 10 billion nanometers) to 100 nanometers, and the technology of manufacturing products with specific functions using individual atoms and molecules.
When the particles of matter enter the nanometer scale, due to the ratio of surface atoms to the total number of atoms of nano-particles increasing dramatically as the particle size decreases, they exhibit strong small size effects, quantum size effects, surface effects, and macroscopic quantum tunneling effects, thereby having many unique properties in optics, thermodynamics, electricity, magnetism, mechanics, chemistry, etc., and extending many application conditions.
Nanotechnology is the forefront of modern science, and nanomaterials and nano-manufacturing have been integrated into industries such as electronics, materials, biomedicine, aerospace, communications, environmental protection, energy, and national defense, gradually realizing the transformation of new discoveries and new achievements in nanotechnology into physical products.
The United States has unique and favorable conditions for the development of nanotechnology, and many nanotechnology products have been applied to the military and other fields.
China's overall level of nanotechnology has entered the first echelon in the world, with the number of patent applications and authorizations for nanotechnology and the total number of international nanotechnology papers published ranking at the forefront.
Nanotechnology
7. Quantum computing technology.Quantum computing is a novel computational paradigm that follows the laws of quantum mechanics and manipulates quantum information units for computation. Due to the existence of quantum mechanical superposition, the computational power and efficiency of quantum computers will far exceed those of traditional computers. The computation speed can reach 1 to 100 billion times that of traditional computers, or even more.
Quantum computers possess much greater data processing capabilities and much higher computational speeds than traditional computers. Quantum communication technology, through quantum entanglement and quantum key distribution technology, achieves key management based on quantum photons, significantly enhancing the confidentiality, security, and transmission speed of data.
Quantum computing technology has a broad range of application prospects in research, business, finance, communication, medicine, national defense, and other fields, with obvious advantages and unlimited potential.
Given the importance of quantum computing technology, countries around the world attach great importance to the development of quantum computing technology, and many large companies globally are competing in research and development. There has been considerable progress in the fields of quantum chips, quantum algorithms, and quantum cloud platforms. From January 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023, there were a total of 171 papers worldwide involving quantum computing technology. The United States led by a large margin with 86 papers, reflecting the United States' research strength and activity in the field of quantum computing technology. Companies such as Google and IBM are strong in this area.
Chinese companies such as Huawei, Baidu, and the University of Science and Technology of China are also committed to the research and development of quantum computing technology. China's "Zu Chongzhi No. 2" quantum computer can compete with Google's most advanced "Sycamore" quantum computer in terms of performance. The "Jiuzhang No. 3" optical quantum computer developed by the Pan Jianwei team at the University of Science and Technology of China is 100 trillion times faster than traditional supercomputers in solving specific problems.
6. Intelligent Robotics Technology.
Intelligent robotics technology is the technology of designing, manufacturing, and applying machines or devices that have human-like intelligent behaviors and high autonomy, with an appearance resembling the human body.
Intelligent robotics technology involves interdisciplinary fields such as mechanics, mechanics, electronics, cybernetics, computer science, artificial intelligence, and systems engineering.Intelligent robot technology has been applied in many fields such as daily life at home, healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and national defense. With the development of technology, the emergence of more intelligent robots will bring more significant changes to our lives, society, and country, causing profound impacts.
There is still a gap between China's development of intelligent robot technology and developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and Germany. There are still some unresolved bottlenecks in the core technology and key components of intelligent robots.
5. New energy technology.
New energy technology includes nuclear technology, solar technology, magnetohydrodynamic power generation technology, geothermal energy technology, ocean energy technology, electric vehicle battery technology, etc., breaking the traditional energy concept dominated by oil and coal, and creating a new pattern of sustainable energy development.
In terms of solar technology, the solar energy currently utilized by humans only accounts for a small part, and there is still a lot of room for development. Some new technologies in solar energy utilization have also emerged, such as the technology to collect liquid fuel from sunlight. Once the technology matures, it will bring a major breakthrough in solar technology.
Geothermal energy, the heat transmitted from the Earth's interior to the Earth's surface every year, is estimated to be equivalent to the energy released by the combustion of 3.7 billion tons of coal, and it is not yet widely utilized.
Nuclear energy, compared with traditional energy, has obvious advantages. The energy produced by the fission of 1 kilogram of uranium-235 is roughly equivalent to the energy released by the combustion of 2,500 tons of standard coal. If the technology of controllable thermonuclear fusion reactors matures, its benefits will be extremely considerable.
Ocean energy includes tidal energy, wave energy, ocean current energy, and ocean temperature difference energy, which are pollution-free and renewable, with broad prospects.
Electric vehicle battery technology, the electric vehicle battery is one of the core components of pure electric intelligent vehicles. The development momentum of electric vehicle battery technology is very strong, with continuous technological updates and cost reduction.4. Information Technology.
Information technology refers to the collective term for various technologies that use computer hardware, networks, broadcast television, and various software tools and scientific methods to acquire, process, store, exchange, transmit, display, identify, extract, control, and utilize various types of information such as text, graphics, sound, and images. It includes sensor technology, computer and intelligent technology, communication technology, control technology, and electronic technology.
Information technology has penetrated every aspect of everyone's life and has become the cornerstone of the economic activities and social development of today's world. The manufacturing industry of information equipment, the electronic information industry, and the information service industry are developing rapidly, and the information technology industry has become one of the largest industries globally.
Information technology represents the direction of development of advanced productive forces in today's world. The extensive use of information technology globally profoundly affects the global economic structure and efficiency, prompting countries around the world to commit to informatization. The huge demand for informatization, in turn, promotes the rapid development of information technology. As an important part of information technology, the international internet has greatly changed the way humans produce and live. Whichever country can take the lead in the world in technological innovation and institutional innovation of information technology can stand invincible in international competition.
The United States has strong strength in the field of information technology, with highly influential information technology companies such as Google, Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, and Meta, developing many hardware and software products with a dominant position in the world.
China has the largest number of internet users in the world, providing a market foundation for the development of information technology. China is leading the world in 5G communication technology research and development, 5G base station construction, mobile payment, and online shopping.
3. Chip Technology.
A chip refers to the integration of a certain number of electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, and their interconnections, onto a small piece of silicon wafer through manufacturing processes such as oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, epitaxy, and aluminum evaporation, according to a well-designed plan, forming an electronic circuit with specific electronic technical functions. Then, it is welded and packaged in a housing and tested as a qualified semiconductor electronic device.
The industrial chain of chip technology includes design companies, responsible for designing the layout plan, system, and layout of chip electronic components; manufacturing factories, responsible for the processing and manufacturing of chips, which is the core link of the chip industry; packaging and testing companies, which encapsulate the semi-finished chips made by chip manufacturers and conduct qualified testing; equipment suppliers, responsible for supplying chip manufacturing and packaging testing equipment; material suppliers, supplying raw materials used for manufacturing chips, packaging and testing materials, etc.Chips are used in various fields such as micro-electromechanical systems, smart wearable terminals, robotics, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, communication equipment, consumer electronics, medical devices, automotive electronics, aerospace, and national defense. They are the foundation of the modern information industry and have become one of the industries with the most potential and vitality.
The chip manufacturing industry has its own focus in different countries. The United States is mainly responsible for chip design, while Taiwan and South Korea hold the majority of high-end chip manufacturing shares, and packaging and testing are scattered in other countries.
China's chip technology industry is under pressure and blockade led by the United States and other Western countries, facing a difficult situation with lagging technology levels. However, there is always a way out. Nano-imprint technology equipment that does not use lithography machines to manufacture chips has been applied, and China's chip technology industry is seeing the dawn.
2. Artificial Intelligence Technology.
Artificial intelligence technology is a new scientific and technological discipline that studies, develops, and applies theories, methods, technologies, and application systems for simulating, extending, and expanding human intelligence.
The research scope of artificial intelligence technology includes natural language processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine learning, knowledge acquisition, combinatorial scheduling problems, perception problems, pattern recognition, logic programming, soft computing, review systems, neural networks, artificial life, genetic algorithms, etc.
Artificial intelligence technology is one of the most cutting-edge and advanced scientific and technological fields, with revolutionary and disruptive characteristics. It is an important driving force for the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation and will become a key technology with guiding and strategic leadership.
Artificial intelligence technology has a wide range of applications and has a profound impact on various industries. It plays an important role in scientific research and exploration, improves the efficiency and quality of the production field, provides accurate health and treatment plans, promotes the rapid development of intelligent driving technology in the automotive industry, and brings smart home life to thousands of households.
Artificial intelligence technology integrates the research achievements of mechanization, automation, and informatization, leading to a new era of economic and social development full of infinite possibilities, profoundly affecting and changing the global economic, industrial, and innovative landscape.
The United States has strong scientific research capabilities in the field of artificial intelligence technology, with many top research institutions and companies, and the government also provides strong support. This has enabled the rapid development of the artificial intelligence industry in the United States, launching many leading global artificial intelligence technology products.The advantages of our country's development in artificial intelligence technology lie in the vast potential of the intelligent application market, the most complete industrial chain of intelligent manufacturing, and the largest scale of data resources. However, there are still some key issues that need to be resolved urgently: insufficient core technology and basic capabilities, an imperfect industrial ecosystem, and a severe shortage of related high-end talents.
Artificial Intelligence Technology
1. Biotechnology.
Biotechnology refers to the technology that is based on modern life sciences, combined with the scientific principles of basic sciences such as biology, chemistry, and engineering. It utilizes organisms (including microorganisms, animal cells, and plant cells) or other components (organelles, enzymes), employs advanced scientific and technological means, and transforms organisms or processes biological materials according to a predetermined design, to produce the products needed by humans or to achieve certain goals.
Biotechnology includes a variety of aspects such as genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering, bioelectronic engineering, bioreactors, and protein engineering. Through in-depth research in various fields such as microorganisms and plants and animals, biotechnology uses techniques like biological cloning and genetic recombination to transform or redesign and create the genetic material of cells, improve plants and animals, and produce new drugs and vaccines, causing significant changes in industries such as medicine.
Biotechnology has been widely applied in many fields such as industry, agriculture, medicine, materials, and environmental protection, generating tremendous economic and social benefits.
The biotechnology industry includes categories such as biopharmaceuticals, agricultural biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, bioinformatics, bionanotechnology, and bioservices. Currently, the United States has the strongest technological competitiveness, and China has achieved some results in areas such as genetic testing, gene editing, synthetic biology, and bioinformatics.
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